---
title: "What is distributed inference? Pipeline vs tensor parallelism"
description: "Distributed inference runs one model across several devices. Pipeline parallelism gives each device a block of layers, which pools memory but does not speed up a single request. Tensor parallelism splits every layer across devices, so they work on each token together, which can make a single request faster when the link between them is fast."
url: https://exolabs.net/faq/what-is-distributed-inference/
updated: 2026-10-26
---

# What is distributed inference? Pipeline vs tensor parallelism

Distributed inference runs one model across several devices. Pipeline parallelism gives each device a block of layers, which pools memory but does not speed up a single request. Tensor parallelism splits every layer across devices, so they work on each token together, which can make a single request faster when the link between them is fast.

Pipeline parallelism needs little bandwidth and works over ordinary networks. One request passes through the devices in turn, so single-user speed stays about the same as one device, minus some network delay.

Tensor parallelism needs many small exchanges for every token, so latency between devices matters. That is why fast, low-latency links such as RDMA over Thunderbolt 5 make it practical on Macs.

A third approach, disaggregated prefill and decode, uses a compute-heavy device to read the prompt and a bandwidth-heavy device to write the answer.

**Where exo fits:** exo supports pipeline and tensor parallelism and chooses between them based on your devices and links. Its README reports up to 1.8× speedup on 2 devices and 3.2× on 4 devices with tensor parallelism.

Sources:
- [exo on GitHub (README)](https://github.com/exo-explore/exo)
- [Exo Labs: NVIDIA DGX Spark + Apple Mac Studio with EXO 1.0](https://blog.exolabs.net/nvidia-dgx-spark)

Page: https://exolabs.net/faq/what-is-distributed-inference/ · Updated 2026-10-26 · Deployments: https://exolabs.net/#business (sales@exolabs.net)